首页 > 学习笔记 > 英语语法笔记——从句

封面pid：117910625（我老婆早濑优香）

英语从句的原理

现在有一个句子：I saw that the rabbit ate a carrot。我们知道“I”是主语，“saw”是谓语动词，那么宾语是什么？这个句子的宾语其实是“the rabbit ate a carrot”这件事本身。而整个可以单独成句的“the rabbit ate a carrot”变成了另一个句子的宾语。而这个宾语就是宾语从句

在上个句子中“I saw”是主句，“that the rabbit ate a carrot”是从句，整个“I saw that the rabbit ate a carrot.”是复杂句

英语从句的分类

  • 名词从句
    • 主语从句
    • 宾语从句
    • 表语从句
    • 宾语补语从句
    • 同位语从句
  • 形容词从句
    • 定语从句（也叫关系从句）
  • 副词从句
    • 状语从句
      • 时间状语从句
      • 地点状语从句
      • 条件、原因、方式、比较...状语从句

形容词从句（定语从句）

形容词从句的思维方式

这是一句话：The rabbit is eating a carrot.（兔子在吃一根胡萝卜）

我们把它的中文扩写一下：兔子在吃一根（我买来的）胡萝卜。这句话翻译过来应该是这样的：The rabbit is eating a carrot that I bought.

可以理解为：在被修饰的词之后，添加一个和他有关系的词，然后再把这个新词放到另一个句子中进行补充说明/逻辑阐述。语法上把这个词（that）叫做“关系词”，它之前被修饰的词（carrot）叫“先行词”，这里的“另一个句子”（that I bought）就是形容词从句

给一些例句：a tasty carrot（一根好吃的胡萝卜）

a carrot that the rabbit ate（一根兔子吃了的胡萝卜）

a teacher who is a rabbit（一个是兔子的老师）

a teacher whom I saw yesterday（一个我昨天看见的老师）

the place where the rabbit ate the carrot（兔子吃胡萝卜的地方）

the reason why the rabbit ate the carrot（兔子吃胡萝卜的原因）

总结一下：从句作定语都是后置的。

关系词

关系词可以分为关系代词和关系副词。

关系介词

The rabbit is eating a carrot that I bought. 这里that作为that I bought的引导词，起代词的作用，所以被称为关系代词

类似的还有这些：

  • The teacher who ate a carrot is a rabbit
  • The teacher whom I saw yesterday is a rabbit
  • The teacher whose favorite food is carrot is a rabbit
  • The food which the teacher likes a carrot

只需要把对应陈述句中需要替换的词改成相应的关系代词

原句：

  • I bought the carrot
  • the rabbit ate a carrot
  • I saw the teacher yesterday
  • the teacher's favorite food is carrot
  • the teacher likes the food

这些关系词所表达的逻辑顺序，实际上是从对应的陈述句中变来的。如下：

  • I bought that
  • who ate a carrot
  • I saw whom yesterday
  • whose favorite food is carrot
  • the teacher likes which

然后再把关系代词移到开头，就构成了从句。如下：

  • that I bought
  • who ate a carrot
  • whom I saw yesterday
  • whose favorite food is carrot
  • which the teacher like

最后一句中的关系代词是which，代指前面的food，其实也可以用that

这两个词经常可以互换，不过也是有区别的：如果先行词明确、唯一，则用that；而如果是多个同类事物中按限定条件选择，就可以用which（当然也可以用that）举例：

  • The rabbit ate the largest carrot that I've ever seen
  • All the rabbits that ate a carrot（这里的all是将所有兔子看作一个整体了）
  • The only rabbit that ate a carrot
  • The first rabbit that ate a carrot
  • The rabbit ate a carrot which I bought
  • The rabbit ate a carrot that I bought（这也是对的）
  • Which one are you talking about?

说白了就是：连提问都不用就能知道的对象，就用that

当然无脑that理论上也是可以的，但是还有一种特殊情况需只能用which（介词在先行词前）

关系副词

这是关系副词：

  • This was the place where the rabbit ate the carrot
  • This is the reason why the rabbit ate the carrot.
  • That was the day when the rabbit ate the carrot for the first time

上面的句子包含了形容词从句："where the rabbit ate the carrot"修饰place；"why the rabbit ate the carrot"修饰reason；"when the rabbit ate the carrot for the first time"修饰day

这其实和之前关系代词引导的差不多，只不过这几个先行词在句中词性不是代词，而是介词。我们也可以把这些关系副词转换成关系代词：

  • This was the place at which the rabbit ate the carrot
  • This is the reason for which the rabbit ate the carrot
  • That was the day on which the rabbit ate the carrot for the first time

这样看似乎有点晕，不过你可以这样理解：关系副词后的句子是有完整的，若把关系词前的词语带进去则语义不通，所以要换成相应的关系副词

限定性和非限定性

从句的主要功能是限定范围。

The rabbit ate the carrot which was on the table 这里的从句限定了carrot的范围，即“在桌子上的胡萝卜”这样的从句就叫做形容词从句属于限定性形容词从句。

那么非限定式形容词从句是什么？来看个例子：

The rabbit ate the carrot, which was on the table 可以改为 The rabbit ate the carrot, the carrot was on table

非限定性形容词从句根本就没有限定的作用，他的先行词不再限定前一个词语的范围，而是代指它前面的词

这两个也有区别

  • I have a head which is round.（我有好几个头，其中一个是圆的头）
  • I have a head, which is round.（我有一个头，这个头是圆的）

正是因为这种特性，它往往用来做句子的插入语

  • My head, which is big, is useful when it rains.
  • The biggest carrot, which the rabbit ate, was on the table

它甚至可以代指句子：The rabbit ate the carrot, which was not surprising

名词从句

它有以下几种形式：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句（主语补语）、同位语从句、宾语补语从句

主语从句

The fact is obvious.（这事实是明显的）

把这句话的主语"The fact"换成从句"the rabbit ate a carrot"，就得到了主语从句：That the rabbit ate a carrot is obvious.（兔子吃了胡萝卜，这是明显的）

当然也可以变成这样：

  • Whether the rabbit ate the carrot is obvious.
  • Where the rabbit ate the carrot is obvious.
  • When the rabbit ate the carrot is obvious.
  • How the rabbit ate the carrot is obvious.
  • Who ate the carrot is obvious.
  • What the rabbit ate is obvious

这里的引导词 Whether、Where、When、How、Who、What 属于连接代词（连接副词）

简化

这是个很明显的主语从句：That the hungry rabbit had already eaten a carrot for dinner this evening is obvious.（很明显，这只饥饿的兔子晚上已经吃了一根胡萝卜）

我们可以把它简化成这样：It is obvious that the hungry rabbit had already eaten a carrot for dinner this evening.

这里的It是形式主语，代指后面的主语从句，无实际含义

所以"That the rabbit ate a carrot is obvious"可以简化为"It is obvious that the rabbit ate a carrot"

也可以把不确定信息的主语从句改写一下：

  • It is obvious whether the rabbit ate the carrot.
  • It is obvious where the rabbit ate the carrot.
  • It is obvious when the rabbit ate the carrot.
  • It is obvious how the rabbit ate the carrot.
  • It is obvious who ate the carrot.
  • It is obvious what the rabbit ate.

It is suggested that you (should) eat a carrot. 这个带有虚拟语气的句子也是个主语从句，相当于：That you (should) eat a carrot is suggested.

比如：It is damanded/insisted/ordered that you (should) eat a carrot

这些动词也可以换成形容词，照样用虚拟语气，如：It is important/essential/necessary that you (should) eat a carrot.

宾语从句

宾语从句就是在句中充当宾语而已。这样的从句有可能包含确定信息，也可能包含不确定信息。"I saw that the rabbit ate a carrot."（我看见这兔子吃了根胡萝卜） 这句话其中的"that the rabbit ate a carrot"就是宾语从句

不确定信息也可以作宾语从句，如：

  • I saw whether the rabbit ate the carrot.
  • I saw who ate the carrot.
  • I saw what the rabbit ate.
  • I saw where the rabbit ate the carrot.
  • I saw when the rabbit ate the carrot.
  • I saw how the rabbit ate the carrot.

引导词的省略

I know (that) the rabbit ate a carrot. 这句话中的"that"可以省略。

不过只有that可以省略，引导词what、who、which、when、where、how等是不能省略的。

有时候that也不能省略：I didn't know that the rabbit ate the carrot and that you saw it. 这句话有两个宾语从句，有两个意思：我不知道兔子吃了胡萝卜；我不知道你看见了。

I know, just like you do, that the rabbit ate the carrot （我知道，就像你知道的，兔子吃了胡萝卜）这句话也不能去掉that

某些词后的宾语从句的否定（否定前移）

我不认为这只兔子很聪明。这句话放英语里应该是这样讲：I don't think (that) the rabbit is smart. 而不是 I think (that) the rabbit isn't smart.

相同的：I don't believe that you will give me some coins；I don't expect (that) you will give this video a thumbs-up.

主从时态一致

宾语从句和主句中的时态要保持一致，如要把"I don't think (that) you're right"改成过去式的话，应该改为"I didn't think (that) you were right.

再比如：I knew (that) the rabbit liked carrots

客观现象才是例外：I knew (that) the sun rises in the east

表语从句

I love you中"love"是谓语，"you"是宾语。而在 We are rabbits 中，"are"是系动词，"rabbits"起到对主语做补充信息的作用，叫表语（也叫主语补语）

那么表语从句就是用一个从句充当系动词后面那个表语。举例：

  • The problem is that the rabbit is hungry.
  • The reason is that there's no more carrot.
  • The question is whether the rabbit is hungry.
  • The question is what the rabbit should eat.
  • The question is where/when/how the rabbit should eat the carrot.

这其实就是把主语从句移到系动词之后，如：That the rabbit ate a carrot is a secrt改成表语从句就是The secret is that the rabbit ate a carrot. 而它们的意思基本相同（但是强调的信息不同）

当然系动词不只有be，还有feel、seem、look、taste....，所以也会有这样的表语从句：

  • It seems that the rabbit is hungry.
  • It feels that you're not telling the truth.

这里的It并不是某个物体，而是形式主语，无实意，你可以理解为占个位置。

同位语从句

同位语就是用不同的方式把一个概念再说一遍，再用逗号隔开，如：My teacher, Papa Rabbit, likes carrots。这句话不是有两个主语"Teacher"、"Papa Rabbit"，"Papa Rabbit"只不过是"Teacher"的另一个说法罢了。所以在这里"Papa Rabbit"是主语"Teacher"的同位语。再来个例子：I like my teacher, Papa rabbit中， Papa Rabbit 是宾语teacher的同位语。

把这个概念引入到从句中，就得到了同位语从句。举例：The fact that the rabbit ate the carrot did not surprise me. 这里的The fact和that the rabbit ate the carrot 是同一个概念

可能会觉得这个从句是定语从句，毕竟这两个真的很像，不过需要理解一点：定语从句是修饰、补充，而同位语从句是重复、等于。所以，我们可以用这些方法区分他们

区分同位语从句和定语从句

方法一：

把先行词前一个词拿掉，如果这个补充的可以直接说明语义而不改变句子原意则为同位语，反之则定语从句。

方法二：

有点抽象但好用，直接举例：

The news that our team has won the game was true. 我们队赢了那场比赛的消息是真的 (同位语从句，补充说明news到底是一个什么消息)

The news that he told me yesterday was true. 昨天他告诉我的那个消息是真的 (定语从句，news在从句中作told的宾语)

扯回来。同位语从句当然也可以包含未知信息，如：The question whether the rabbit will eat the carrot is on all our minds.

同位语从句也不一定要和主语在一起：I have no idea who ate the carrot. 这句话也有同位语从句

宾语补语从句

首先得知道什么是宾语补语：You can call me Papa Rabbit. 这句话中的Papa Rabbit 就是宾语补语，对宾语me进行补充。而将这个宾语补语用一个从句替换，就得到了一个宾语补语从句：You can call me what you like、My education made me who I am today

宾语补语从句是在形容词从句还是名词从句中有争议（？），但是不管他，重要的是知道他是什么

副词从句（状语从句）

副词从句分为以下几种：

  • 表时间（如：在...前）
  • 表地点（如：在...地方）
  • 表条件（如：如果...）
  • 表让步（如：虽然...但是....）
  • 表方式（如：就好像...）
  • 表比较（如：比...）
  • 表原因（如：因为...所以...）
  • 表目的（如：为了...）
  • 表结果（如：所以...）

时间副词从句

可以按照时间参照点来分个类

在某一时间点之前

引导词：before，如：

The rabbit ate a carrot at home before the wolf stopped by（大灰狼串门之前，兔子吃了根胡萝卜）

你也可以把从句提前：Before the wolf stopped by, the rabbit ate a carrot at home.

在某一时间点当中

引导词：when, while, as，如：

The rabbit was eating a carrot when I reached home.（我到家的时候，兔子在吃胡萝卜）

The rabbit was eating a carrot while I was making a video.（我做视频的过程中，兔子在吃胡萝卜）

I ate a carrot as I made the video.（我一边吃胡萝卜一边做视频）

三者的不同在于：

  • When：时间点，“突然”
    • The rabbit was eating a carrot at home when the wolf stopped by.（兔子在家吃胡萝卜的时候（突然）大灰狼来串门了）
    • The rabbit was about to eat a carrot at home when the wolf stopped by.（兔子在家刚要吃胡萝卜的时候（突然）大灰狼来串门了
  • While：时间段1
    • The rabbit was eating a carrot while I was making a video.（我做视频的过程中，兔子在吃胡萝卜）
  • As：同时
    • I ate a carrot as I made the video

引导词：after，如：

在某一时间点之后

The rabbit ate a carrot after the wolf stopped by.（大灰狼串过门之后，兔子吃了根胡萝卜）

从之前某一时间点开始算

引导词：since，如：

The rabbit has shared three carrots since the wolf stopped by.（自从大灰狼来串门，兔子已经分享了三根胡萝卜了）

也可以用否定：The rabbit has not stopped sharing carrots since the wolf stopped by.

直到之后某一时间点

引导词：until，如：

The rabbit waited until the wolf stopped by.（兔子一直在等，直到大灰狼来串门）

The rabbit didn't eat any carrot until the wolf stopped by.（兔子直到大灰狼来了才吃了胡萝卜）

肯定句和否定句有细微的区别，要注意识别：前者是一直在做直到某事发生才不做，后者是直到某事发生才做

一...就...

引导词：as soon as，如：

The rabbit will eat a carrot as soon as the wolf leaves（大灰狼一离开兔子就要吃一个胡萝卜）

下次

引导词：the next time，如：

The rabbit will share the biggest carrot the next time the wolf stops by（下大灰狼来串门，兔子会一起分享最大的胡萝卜）

地点副词从句

引导词：where + "强调形式"，如：

The rabbit ate the carrot where he found it.（兔子在找到胡萝卜的地方吃了它）

或许会把它和定语从句搞混，但是意思相同的定语从句是这样的：The rabbit ate the carrot at the place where he found it.

它的引导词还有强调形式：wherever, everywhere, anywhere，如：

The rabbit will go wherever he can find a carrot。这句话的意思和上一句很相似，但是它强调了"不管哪里"：只要能发现胡萝卜，这兔子就会去

The rabbit sees a carrot everywhere he goes。强调"所有"地方

The rabbit can eat a carrot anywhere he likes。强调"任何"地方

你可以理解为相应的宾语从句：everywhere = every place where、anywhere = at any place where

比较副词从句

英语的形容词有所谓的“比较级”，如：smart, smarter; big, bigger; beautiful, more beautiful。它们可以这么用：

He is smarter than me（他比我聪明）; This carrot is bigger than that one（这根胡萝卜比那根大）; She is more beautiful than Snow White.（她比白雪公主漂亮）

但是，它们完整的形式（或者说是正确的形式）应该是状语从句中的比较副词从句：

He is smarter than me. -> He is smarter than I am.

This carrot is bigger than that one. ->This carrot is bigger than that one is.

She is more beautiful than Snow White. -> She is more beautiful than Snow White is.

比较也不一定要“更”怎么样，也可以是“同样得”怎么样，如：

He is as smart as I am.

This carrot is as big as that one is.

She is as beautiful as Snow White is.

还有种常见的形式是“越....越...”，如：

The more you practice English, the more fluent you become.（你越多练习英语，你就越流利）

The more coins you give me, the more videos I make.（你投币越多，我做的视频也越多）

条件副词从句

也就是我们常说的条件句，如：If the rabbit sees a carrot, he will eat it.

你也许听说过"主将从现"的说法，它的意思就是“主句用将来时态，从句用现在时态”（标记）

果真如此？你忘了虚拟语气了？"If I saw a carrot, I would eat it."、"If I had seen a carrot, I would have eaten it." 它们的语法正确，可是主句是过去将来时态，从句是过去时态。很明显上面的解释是片面的，什么才是真正的“主将从现”呢？

If I see a carrot, I will eat this carrot. 这个从句中，我不确定我是否会看见一根胡萝卜，所以不能用将来时态，只能去掉时间信息，表达“一般、默认、普通”的状态，所以从句用一般现在时态；而主句中表示“如果我看到一根胡萝卜，我一定肯定百分百会吃掉它”，所以在条件成立的情况下，我一定会明确地做“吃胡萝卜”这个动作，所以用一般将来时态，表示明确在将来会发生的动作。

还有一个引导词：unless，其实就是把if反着说

If you like this video, you will give it a thumbs-up.

If you don't like this video, you will not give it a thumbs-up.

可以改为：Unless you like this video, you will not give it a thumbs-up

除了这两个最重要的，还有其它引导词：provided, as long as, in case

Provided that my video is excellent, you will give it a thumbs-up.

As long as I make excellent videos, you will reamin my follower

In case you don't understand, please comment below.

让步副词从句

这是一个条件状语从句：If I saw a carrot, I would eat it，我们可以把它改为让步状语从句：Even if I see a carrot, I will not eat it.

让步的情况不一定是假设，也有可能是陈述事实，如：Although I see a carrot, I will not eat it.

还可以用"no matter"构成让步状语从句：

No matter what happens, I will not eat the carrot.（不管什么事会发生，我都不会吃这胡萝卜）

No matter who orders me, I will not eat the carrot.（不管谁命令我，我都不会吃这胡萝卜）

No matter how hungry I am, I will not eat the carrot.（不管我有多饿，我都不会吃这胡萝卜）

这个"no matter"也可以用"regardless of"来取代：

Regard of what kind of vide I make, you will give it a thumbs-up.（不管我做什么样的视频，你都会给我点赞）

方式状语从句

方式状语从句分两种，这是第一种：

I feel good as if I just ate a carrot.（我感觉良好，就好像我刚吃了根胡萝卜一样）

这里的 if（好像）做了一个与事实相反的假设。这与虚拟语气很像，但并不是虚拟语气。因为虚拟语气应该这样：

If I had eaten a carrot, I would have felt good.（如果我刚刚吃了一根胡萝卜的话，我现在就会感觉良好）

方式状语从句的主句直接交代了某种情况，然后再用从句交代一个与事实相反的假设。但是不管怎么样，这种情况已经发生了。在这里，I feel good是真的，而在虚拟语气中，I feel good并不是确定的情况。再看个例子：

You spend so much money as if you were a millionaire.

先交代你花了很多钱，再说这种情况（你花钱的效果），就和一个虚拟的与事实相反的假设的情况下一样——就好像你是百万富翁——可你并不是。再比较虚拟语气：

If you were a millionaire, you would spend a lot of money.

另外一种：

Eat the carrot as I do.（像我一样吃胡萝卜）

Leave the carrot as it is（别动胡萝卜->让这个胡萝卜像原本一样，别动它）

原因状语从句

The rabbit ate the carrot because he was hungry.（兔子吃了胡萝卜，因为它饿了）

这里的because he was hungry就是原因状语从句

since、as也一样可以做引导词：Since you are hungry, you can eat the carrot.（既然你饿了，你可以吃这胡萝卜）

As you were not here, we ate the carrot without you.（因为你之前不在这里，所以吃胡萝卜没带你一个）

它们三也有区别：从因果和语气上来说，because高于since，since高于as，例如：

Because this video is excellent, you should give it a thumbs-up.（因为这视频很棒，所以要点赞）

Since all my videos are excellent, you should give this video a thumbs-up.（众所周知，英语兔只出精品，所以要点赞）

As I have thick skin, I'm begging you for a thumbs-up.（显而易见我脸皮很厚，所以求你点赞）

还有就是语序的问题：Because引导的从句在主句前后都可以，而since和as引导的从句一般只能主句前。

for也有表原因的意思：You must really like me, for you have given all my videos a thumbs-up.（你肯定很喜欢我，因为你给我所有视频都点赞了）

但这里for构成的不是原因状语从句，而是复合句，而不是复杂句。也就是说for是连词。

for表推测，because是原因。

目的状语从句

In order that I could finish the video in time, I pulled an all nighter.（为了及时完成视频，我熬夜不睡）

也可以这么说：I pulled an all-nighter so that I could finish the video in time.（注意so that不能放句首）

结果状语从句

结果状语从句也可以用so that：I ate a lot of carrots for lunch so that I wasn't hungry at all in afternoon.（我午饭吃了很多胡萝卜，所以我整个下午都不饿）

The temperature was low so that the lake forze.（气温很低，所以湖结冰了）

这样的句子只能用“结果”表示，而不是“目的”，所以结果状语从句中的so that和目的状语从句中的so that是有区别的

I like this video, so I will give it a thumbs-up. 这句话是复合句，不是复杂句，没有从句

so ... that这个句子结构也可以：I ate so many carrots for lunch that I felt sick afterwards.

相似的还有such ... that：It was such a tasty carrot that I ate it at once.

一个接名词，一个接形容词，得分清。

2024.5.2：上次笔记是去年六月，乐，我到底拖了多久。不过尽可能在中考之前多抱下佛脚吧。

相关文章